SPAR is comprised of woven, knit, or non-woven structures where nonconductive yarns combine with conductive yarns that serve as electrodes. When a voltage is applied to these conducting yarns, a non-thermal plasma (NTP) is produced.
While many design requirements associated with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) spaces are required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and others, the engineer must be aware of several factors.
If we're designing for changes in conditions, like occupancy, use, public safety, etc., are we also accounting for the possible changes in temperature, weather patterns, and natural disasters — not the historical or average but the undocumented, yet to come?
While most data centers use air-cooled chillers that have free cooling coils to benefit from lower ambient conditions, air-cooled, magnetic bearing centrifugal chillers can operate at inverted conditions and provide free cooling without the need for additional coils.
Treading lightly with your involvement in troubleshooting in new construction commissioning is necessary to avoid busting your budget or having others shift their responsibility onto you.
The inputs and outputs (I/O) of VFDs are seemingly modest terminals and may initially appear intimidating. However, mastering their application unlocks a whole new world of possibilities for your pumping system.
Pressure is one of the most critical variables in engineering. It can be measured by a pressure gauge, but it is important to know the type of pressure the gauge is reading.