The way we control the speed of fan motors or pump motors has tremendously changed in the past two decades with the introduction of variable-frequency drives (VFDs), aka variable-frequency controllers (VFCs).
Liquid cooling offers a way to increase heat rejection by 23 times because of the thermal conductivity of water versus air. It also allows cooling systems to extract heat as close to the generation source as possible.
Despite their similar exterior appearance, cooling towers and closed-circuit coolers are very different pieces of equipment with distinct advantages and limitations. This is especially true when determining which option is best suited for a specific cooling application.
Performance-based design (PBD), as opposed to prescriptive design, enables building owners and operators to customize the building design based on long-term goals.
Software packages, like PipeFlo, 6Sigma CFD, and CAESAR II, can support engineering design and help engineers design an efficient, effective, and safe cooling system.